Melia azedarach
is a species of deciduous
tree
in the mahogany
family,
Meliaceae,
that is native to India,
southern China
and Australia.
Common names include Persian Lilac, White Cedar,
Chinaberry, Bead Tree, Lunumidella, Ceylon Cedar, malai
vembu, Bakain and Dharek/Dhraik.
The adult tree has a rounded crown, and
measures between 7 and 12 metres in height.
The flowers
are small and fragrant, with five pale purple or lilac
petals, growing in clusters. The fruit
is a drupe,
marble-sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on the
tree all winter, and gradually becoming wrinkled and
almost white.
The leaves
are up to 50 cm long, alternate, long-petioled, 2 or
3 times compound (odd-pinnate); the leaflets
are dark green above and lighter green below, with serrate
margins. They have been used as a natural insecticide
to keep with stored food,
but must not be eaten as they are highly poisonous.
A diluted infusion
of leaves and trees has been used in the past to induce uterus
relaxation.
The hard, 5-grooved seeds were widely
used for making rosaries
and other products requiring beads,
before their replacement by modern plastics.
The flowers are unattractive to bees
and butterflies.
Though some hummingbirds like Sapphire-spangled
Emerald (Amazilia lactea), Glittering-bellied
Emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus) and Planalto
Hermit (Phaethornis pretrei) have been recorded
to feed on and pollinate the flowers, these too only take
it opportunistically.
Fruits are poisonous to humans
if eaten in quantity. However, like the Yew
tree, these toxins are not harmful to birds, who gorge
themselves on the fruit, eventually reaching a
"drunken" state. The toxins are neurotoxins
and unidentified resins, found mainly in the fruits. Some birds
are able to eat the fruit, spreading the seeds
in their droppings. The first symptoms of poisoning appear
a few hours after ingestion. They may include loss of
appetite, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, bloody
faeces, stomach pain, pulmonary congestion, cardiac
arrest, rigidity, lack of coordination and general
weakness. Death may take place after about 24 hours. Like
in relatives, tetranortriterpenoids
consititute an important toxic principle. These are
chemically related to Azadirachtin,
the primary insecticidal
compound in the commercially important Neem
oil. These compounds are probably related to the wood and
seed's resistance to pest infestation, and maybe to the
unattractiveness of the flowers to animals.
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